Aphrodite Areia, 1st C. CE copy of 400 BCE statue by the school of Polykleitos, possibly Polykleitos the Younger

October 14, 2022

Aphrodite Areia, 1st C. CE copy of 400 BCE statue by the school of Polykleitos, possibly Polykleitos the Younger

"The Temple of Aphrodite Kytherea was a sanctuary in ancient Kythira dedicated to the Goddess Aphrodite. It was famous for reportedly being the eldest temple of Aphrodite in Greece. It was dedicated to the Goddess under her name and aspect as Aphrodite Ourania and contained a statue of an Armed Aphrodite. The temple is dated to the 6th century BCE. While considered a significant sanctuary, it was described as a small building.

According to Hesiod, Kythira was the first island that Aphrodite passed as she rose from the sea.

Herodotus (Histories 1.105.3) described it:

"This temple, I discover from making inquiry, is the oldest of all the temples of the Goddess, for the temple in Cyprus was founded from it, as the Cyprians themselves say; and the temple on Cythera was founded by Phoenicians from this same land of Syria."

Pausanias (Description of Greece, 3.23.1 & 1.14.7) also said of it:

"In Kythera [off the coast of Lakedaimonia] is . . . the sanctuary of Aphrodite Ourania (the Heavenly) is most holy, and it is the most ancient of all the sanctuaries of Aphrodite among the Greeks. The Goddess herself is represented by an armed image of wood. This is the only temple I know that has an upper storey built upon it.

...a sanctuary of the Heavenly Aphrodite; the first men to establish her cult were the Assyrians, after the Assyrians the Paphians of Cyprus and the Phoenicians who live at Ascalon in Palestine; the Phoenicians taught her worship to the people of Cythera."

Aphrodite Areia (Ancient Greek: Ἀφροδίτη Ἀρεία) or "Aphrodite the Warlike" was a cult epithet of the Greek Goddess Aphrodite, in which she was depicted in full armor like the war God Ares. This representation was found in Sparta and Taras (modern Taranto). There were other, similarly martial interpretations of the Goddess, such as at her Sanctuary at Kythira, where she was worshiped under the epithet Aphrodite Urania, who was also represented as being armed. The epithet "Areia", meaning "warlike", was applied to other Gods in addition to Aphrodite, such as Athena, Zeus, and possibly Hermes.

The association with warfare contradicts Aphrodite's more popularly known role as the Goddess of desire, fertility, and beauty. In the Iliad, Aphrodite is portrayed as incompetent in battle, being wounded in the wrist by Diomedes under the guidance of Athena, and she is reminded of her role as a love Goddess rather than a war Goddess like Athena by Zeus. It is possible, however, that this representation was deliberate to assert the Ionian interpretation of Aphrodite, which did not portray the Goddess with warlike aspects, as the "correct" version.

It is believed that the warlike depiction of Aphrodite belongs to her very earliest acolytes and cults in Cyprus and Cythera, where there was a strong eastern influence during the Orientalizing Period. This depiction can trace Aphrodite's descent from older Middle Eastern Goddesses such as the Sumerian Inanna, Mesopotamian Ishtar, and Phoenician Astarte. In Cyprus, Aphrodite was also referred to by the epithet "Aphrodite Encheios" (Aphrodite with a spear), and it has been suggested that the cult was brought from Cyprus to Sparta. She was also known by this name on the Areopagus and at Corinth.

There were cults dedicated to the warlike aspect of Aphrodite in Kythira, Cyprus, Argos, Taras and most prominently in Sparta.

Pausanias recorded that three cult statues at Kythira, Sparta, and Corinth depicted Aphrodite as holding weapons and archeological evidence points to this portrayal also occurring in Argos. Pausanias' claim that "Aphrodite Areia" was simply a female version of Ares has some support in the contemporary epigraphy.

In Sparta, Pausanias described two temples dedicated to Aphrodite Areia and archeological evidence supports this claim. Various authors make reference to Sparta worshipping an armoured Aphrodite, such as Plutarch, Nonnos, and Quintilian. Pausanias' claim that "Aphrodite Areia" was simply a female version of Ares has some support in the contemporary epigraphy. A related Spartan epithet, "Armed Aphrodite" (Ἀφροδίτη 'Ενόπλιος) was associated with an etiological myth recorded by Lactanius, who stated that once the Spartan army was away from the city attacking Messene, part of the Messene army launched a counterattack against Sparta that was thwarted by the Spartan women who armed themselves and defended the city. The Spartan army, realizing their city was under siege, returned and assumed that the women were the enemy army until they stripped off their armour to reveal their identities. It is likely that this myth was used to explain the origin of an unknown Spartan festival that functioned similarly to the Argive festival of Hybristica, where women took over the roles of men.

In Argos, Aphrodite Areia appears to be related to Nikephoros ("victory bearer") and in a nearby city of Manteneia, there was a temple devoted to both Aphrodite and Ares."

-taken from wikipedia

Aphrodite Areia, 1st C. CE copy of 400 BCE statue by the school of Polykleitos, possibly Polykleitos the Younger. National Archaeological Museum in Athens (see NAMA 262).