Jin Midi, ink rubbing of stone relief 2nd C. CE

"Concerning the Xiongnu, Chinese texts record the surprising stature of some prominent Xiongnu figures: the mentioned Xiutu prince – Jin Midi (134-86 BCE), eight chi two cun tall (around 189 cm); Liu Yüan (251-310 CE), the founding emperor of the Xiongnu state Han Zhao (304-329 CE), eight chi four cun tall (around 194 cm) with red strains in his long beard; Helian Bobo (381-425 CE), the founding emperor of the Xiongnu short-lived Xia state (407-431 CE), a contemporary of Attila, eight chi five cun tall (around 196cm). It could be assumed from our limited sources that Xiongnu royalty were unusually tall in stature..."

-Xumeng Sun, Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties. University of Calgary 2020.

The story of Jin Midi (134-86 BCE). Wu Liang shrine, Jiaxiang, Shandong province, China. 2nd C. CE. Ink rubbings of stone-carved reliefs as represented in Feng Yunpeng and Feng Yunyuan, Jinshi suo (1824 edition), n.p.


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Xumeng Sun, Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties. University of Calgary 2020.

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